Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is often diagnosed in childhood, but sometimes it’s not identified until the teen years. Although both males and females can have ADHD, boys are about 3 times more likely to be diagnosed. Hyperactivity is more common in boys with ADHD than girls, making the diagnosis more apparent. Even if your son was diagnosed with ADHD as a child, management of the symptoms is likely to change in his teen years because of different academic and social demands. This guide is intended to help you understand and manage your teenage son’s ADHD.

What is ADHD?

ADHD is a neurological condition which makes it difficult for a person to focus or pay attention. The different categories of ADHD are: Inattentive Type, Hyperactive Type, and Mixed Type. ADHD is a spectrum disorder, meaning that symptoms range from very mild to severe, and vary according to which type a teen has. Those with inattentive type only may have trouble paying attention in school, daydream, or lose attention when in a conversation or doing a task. They may have trouble focusing on homework and get easily distracted. If they also have hyperactivity, they may become restless often and have trouble sitting still. In a young child, this may take the form of not being able to sit still in a classroom and engaging in impulsive behavior. For a teen, this may involve impulsive or risky behavior. Your son may also notice an inner feeling of restlessness.

What is executive functioning and how does it relate to ADHD?

Executive functioning is a term that refers to the way we organize our lives. People with executive functioning problems may have trouble prioritizing, planning, and organizing their time and space. All of these can be problems for boys with ADHD.

How did my son get ADHD?

ADHD may be caused by a number of different things. There is often a genetic component, so a boy with ADHD may have a parent with similar behaviors and symptoms. Parents of today’s teens were not likely diagnosed when they were young but may recognize some of their son’s symptoms as things they struggle with also. Other possible causes of ADHD include head injury, pre-natal conditions, and maternal drug use. Usually there is no specific cause and no one is to blame.

When does ADHD first show up?

It is generally thought that ADHD is present from birth. However, there may not be symptoms that are easily recognized until much later. Hyperactivity is often recognized early in school and a teacher may be the first to suggest ADHD. Students with ADHD may be singled out for talking out of turn or being a “class clown.” Those without hyperactivity often go unnoticed in school because they don’t cause trouble. Young people are often mistaken for being unmotivated, not working up to their potential, or being messy and disorganized.

Teens with ADHD who have reached adolescence without being diagnosed will often recognize that they have poor attention and focus, and are too easily distracted. Sometimes teens may get to college or even graduate school without being identified or identifying for themselves that they are having more trouble than is normal. In fact, there are adults with ADHD who have never been diagnosed but have learned ways to adapt and work around their attention problems. Symptoms of ADHD may persist into adulthood or may resolve with growth and maturing.

What are symptoms of ADHD in teens?

Your son may exhibit some or all of the following symptoms and behaviors:

• Doesn’t do or complete homework or takes a very long time doing homework
• Has to read things over and over because he loses focus and doesn’t absorb what he read
• Becomes easily distracted, either by external noise or by his own thoughts
• Forgets to take important things to school or bring home things from school
• Copies down assignments wrong
• Gets into trouble in school for goofing off
• Has trouble waiting his turn
• Interrupts others when they are talking
• Does impulsive and sometimes risky things such as driving too fast
• Is attracted to things that are new or action oriented
• Has to be moving a lot of the time
• Has trouble holding onto to thoughts because he’s thinking fast
• Has trouble transitioning from wake to sleep and vice versa

What are possible consequences of ADHD?

• Trouble in school: Teens with ADHD may do poorly in school, even when they understand the material. They may also get into trouble for talking out of turn, clowning around, or behaving in other impulsive ways.
• Low Self-Esteem: If a teen has trouble in school, he may feel like he’s not smart, and may suffer from low self-esteem.
• Harm/Injury: A teen with ADHD may also get injured in sports or other activities because he acts impulsively and without caution or planning. He may also put himself in harm’s way by engaging in risky behaviors including drug and alcohol use.

How can I have my son evaluated?

There are many professionals who are considered qualified to diagnose ADHD. You can have your son evaluated by:

• Primary care provider (PCP): Many PCPs are knowledgeable about and comfortable with ADHD and can make a diagnosis.
• Neurologist: Neurologists may specialize in ADHD.
• Mental Health Provider: Mental health providers such as clinical psychologists and clinical social workers may be skilled at evaluating teens with ADHD.
• School psychologists: A school psychologist may perform learning disability evaluations which may include observation of a student’s ability to pay attention.

The most comprehensive evaluation for ADHD is performed by a neuropsychologist who does a series of tests that measure attention, distractibility, and impulsiveness. He or she will also test for general intelligence, memory, learning disabilities, and emotional problems.

How is ADHD treated?

By far the most effective treatment for ADHD is medication. Most medications prescribed for teens with ADHD are stimulants such as Ritalin, Concerta, or Adderall. These medications take effect shortly after taken and wear off several hours later. Although you may feel reluctant about having your son take medication, it’s important to become educated about their benefits and possible side effects.

Many teens with ADHD can benefit from behavior therapy or various behavioral interventions. These can be helpful whether or not the teen is taking medication. One intervention is to help the teen be more organized by making lists or using an app that helps organize tasks. Another is to break up tasks into manageable time frames, like 15-20 minute segments, so the teen is less likely to lose focus. There is training and/or coaching available for parents, teachers and teens with ADHD. Some strategies are especially helpful because they address organizational problems that are not necessarily helped by medication. Medication can improve your son’s ability to focus, but it won’t help him make good decisions.

What are some helpful strategies?

Here are some strategies that may be helpful for those with ADHD:

• Write things down, make lists, use reminders or alarms in cell phones.
• Create some schedules or routines that are the same every day.
• Repeat instructions or have your son repeat back what he heard.
• Don’t try to do too much concentrating at once. Have your son take brief homework breaks every 20-30 minutes.
• Listen to a radio while doing homework, as it blocks out other external stimuli.

For further strategies, ask your son’s health care provider for names of ADHD coaches.

How can I help and support my son?

It’s important to remember that ADHD is nobody’s fault – not your son’s and not yours. It may be exasperating to have a son who doesn’t seem to pay attention when you’re talking to him, who forgets what you tell him, who can’t settle down, or does risky things without thought of the consequences. Remember that he’s not doing these things on purpose, but he can learn to be more aware of what he’s doing and exert some self-control. It is useful to know that teens with ADHD may need more parental support than you may expect for people their age. They may need help getting places on time, completing tasks and remembering things and they need extra help in learning to do these things for themselves.

You can help and support your son by:

• Making sure he gets the treatment he needs.
• Encouraging him to talk to teachers and get extra help in school.
• Setting limits about how much time he spends on video games or online.
• Encourage and reward him when he does well and makes progress.
• It’s also very important to recognize his strengths and talents. He may be a fantastic athlete or artist, he may be funny and smart and creative. Those qualities should not go unnoticed!

Recommended Reading:

Reiff, Michael I. ed, The American Academy of Pediatrics ADHD A Complete and Authoritative Guide, 2004.